Book III, Chapter 21
Chapter XXI.
He refutes the twelfth opinion, which holds that no lower things are made by God; and the thirteenth, which supposes that no voluntary or free things are made immediately and properly by him.
696B CAP. XXI.
696C Refellit duodecimam opinionem, putantem quod nulla inferior a fiant a Deo; et decimam tertiam aestimantem, quod nulla voluntaria seu libera immediate et proprie fiant ab eo.
Two more opinions remain, similar to those already stated. The twelfth says that no lower things are made by God. The thirteenth imagines that no voluntary or free things are made by him, at least properly and immediately, and it argues by a similar reasoning: that in this way, and not otherwise, all things would come about of necessity. But these two can be rejected jointly by the arguments by which the earlier opinions similar to them are rejected, with the tenth of the first added.1 The third of the first also condemns those earlier opinions jointly.2 The second of these two, moreover, is condemned specifically by the twenty-second of the second, and all its sophistical evasions are blocked by the twenty-first of the same and the chapters that follow.3
696C REstant adhuc aliae duae similes his praedictis. Duodecima namque dicit, quod nulla inferiora fiunt a Deo, Decima tertia vero fingit, quod nulla voluntaria seu libera fiunt proprie saltem et immediate ab eo, et hoc per similem rationem; quia sic et non aliter omnia necessario euenirent. Sed hae possunt reprobari coniunctim per quae priores harum similes reprobantur, decimo primi iuncto; quas et coniunctim
696D tertium primi damnat. Secunda vero istarum per vicesimum secundi specialiter condemnatur, omnia quoque ipsius diuerticula cauillosa per vicesimum primum eiusdem et sequentia obstruuntur.
Notes
- 1
"The tenth of the first," "the third of the first," "the twenty-second of the second," and similar expressions are Bradwardine's cross-references. I leave them unexpanded (Conventions §5.4). In the previous chapter (B3.c20) the same kind of reference occurs ("the twenty-seventh of the first," "the twenty-second of the second"). They appear to be chapters of Books 1 and 2 of this work. The "earlier opinions similar to these" are the tenth and eleventh, refuted in c20.
↩ - 2
quas et coniunctim tertium primi damnat. The relative quas most naturally refers back to the earlier, similar opinions (the tenth and eleventh), and I translate it so. If it were meant to refer to the twelfth and thirteenth, the sense would not change much.
↩ - 3
"The second of these two" (secunda istarum) is the thirteenth opinion, the one about voluntary and free things. The twelfth is passed over after the joint refutation.
↩
Errata: where the keyed text and the 1618 print differ (1)
| Savile | Keyed text (TCP) | 1618 print |
|---|---|---|
| 696C | inferior a fiant | inferiora fiant |